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Decade effects in mental addition.

Hansjörg Neth1, Stephen J Payne2

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.

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|October 20, 2025
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mental arithmetic is easier when using number combinations that result in round sums, known as complements. This finding impacts how we understand number representation and cognitive strategies in addition tasks.

Keywords:
addition strategiesbase notationdecimal systemmental arithmeticrepresentational effects

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Numerical Cognition
  • Human-Computer Interaction

Background:

  • Western numerals utilize a base-10 place-value system.
  • Mental arithmetic involves complex cognitive processes influenced by number representation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how the representation of Western numerals affects mental arithmetic.
  • To identify specific addition types and their cognitive ease.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of mental addition tasks using base-10 notation.
  • Two experimental studies involving serial addition of number lists.
  • Varying the presence of 'complements' (additions with round sums) and measuring accuracy and latency.

Main Results:

  • Addition tasks are easier when lists contain or enable complements.
  • Addition latency is dependent on addition type and problem size.
  • Participants strategically adapt their addition sequences to exploit easier complement-based additions.

Conclusions:

  • The cognitive ease of mental addition is influenced by number representations and strategic choices.
  • Findings have implications for psychological theories of cognition and the design of educational tools and interfaces.
  • Understanding 'complements' offers insights into adaptive cognitive strategies in numerical tasks.