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Engraved Microwave Metasurfaces for Potential Application in Honey Quality Control.

Argyri Drymiskianaki^1,2, Klytaimnistra Katsara^3,2, Vassilis M Papadakis^4,2

¹Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete GR-70013, Greece.

|October 20, 2025

Summary

Millimeter-scale metasurfaces show promise as honey quality sensors. These complementary split-ring resonators detect adulteration and contamination by sensing shifts in electromagnetic response, offering a new method for honey quality control.

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Area of Science:

Metasurfaces and metamaterials
Electromagnetic sensing technologies
Food quality control

Background:

Honey quality control is crucial for consumer safety and market integrity.
Existing spectroscopic techniques for honey analysis can be complex and costly.
Development of novel, efficient, and cost-effective sensing methods is needed.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the potential of millimeter-scale metasurfaces as sensors for honey quality control.
To evaluate the electromagnetic response of complementary split-ring resonator metasurfaces to different honey types and adulterants.
To compare the performance of metasurface sensors with established spectroscopic methods.

Main Methods:

Fabrication of complementary split-ring resonator metasurfaces using Computer Numerical Control (CNC) engraving.
Measurement of metasurface resonance frequencies under unloaded conditions (3-6 GHz).
Analysis of the electromagnetic response of metasurfaces in the presence of various honey types (chestnut, pine, orange blossom) and adulterants (sugar, maple syrup, microplastics).

Main Results:

Metasurfaces exhibited distinct resonance frequency shifts and intensity modulations corresponding to different honey types and adulteration.
The observed electromagnetic responses were consistent with data from Raman and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy.
The fabricated metasurfaces demonstrated efficiency in detecting honey adulteration and contamination.

Conclusions:

Millimeter-scale metasurfaces are effective sensors for honey quality control and adulteration detection.
The distinct electromagnetic signatures allow for differentiation of honey types and identification of contaminants.
Metasurface-based sensors offer a promising alternative to traditional spectroscopic techniques for honey analysis.