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Epidemiologic and Environmental Investigations of Reported Hantavirus Cases Inform Exposure Risk in California,
Bryan T Jackson1, Anne M Kjemtrup1, Mark G Novak1
1Infectious Diseases Branch, California Department of Public Health, Sacramento, California.
The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
|October 20, 2025
Summary
California hantavirus cases, primarily hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, occurred mainly in males and peaked in spring/summer. Rodent contact, especially with deer mice carrying Sin Nombre virus (SNV), was common, often in homes.
Area of Science:
- Infectious Diseases
- Epidemiology
- Environmental Health
Background:
- Hantavirus infections pose a significant public health risk, particularly hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS).
- Understanding transmission dynamics and exposure risks is crucial for prevention.
Purpose of the Study:
- To analyze hantavirus cases in California from 1993-2020.
- To identify risk factors, exposure patterns, and the role of rodents in transmission.
Main Methods:
- Retrospective analysis of hantavirus case data and environmental investigations.
- Rodent trapping, Sin Nombre virus (SNV) antibody testing, and exposure site identification.
Main Results:
- 89 cases reported; 63% male, 31% fatal; predominantly HPS.
- Rodent activity found in 74% of investigations; Peromyscus maniculatus (deer mice) were most common.
- SNV antibodies detected in 20% of captured rodents; indoor, peridomestic exposures were most frequent.
Conclusions:
- Epidemiological and environmental investigations are vital for identifying hantavirus exposure sites.
- Enhanced public awareness and preventive measures are essential, particularly in high-risk areas.
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