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Related Concept Videos

Thermodynamic Systems01:06

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A thermodynamic system is a set of objects whose thermodynamic properties are of interest. The system is considered to be embedded in its surroundings or the environment. The system and its environment can exchange heat and do work on each other through a boundary that separates them. However, the immediate surroundings of the system interact with it directly and therefore have a much stronger influence on its behavior and properties.
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Thermodynamic potentials are state functions that are extremely useful in analyzing a thermodynamic system. They have dimensions of energy. The four important thermodynamic potentials are internal energy, enthalpy, Helmholtz free energy, and Gibbs free energy. These thermodynamic potentials can be expressed using two of the following variables: pressure, volume, temperature, and entropy. These two variables are expressed as the rate of change of the thermodynamic potential with respect to other...
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Control systems are foundational elements in automation and engineering. They are broadly categorized into open-loop and closed-loop systems. These classifications hinge on the presence or absence of feedback mechanisms, significantly influencing the system's performance, complexity, and application.
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Scalable Quantum Integrated Circuits on Superconducting Two-Dimensional Electron Gas Platform
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Open-systems tools for nonthermalizing closed quantum systems.

Unnati Akhouri1, Sarah Shandera1, Jackson Henry2

  • 1Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania State University, Institute for Gravitation and the Cosmos, The , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA and Department of Physics, The , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.

Physical Review. E
|October 21, 2025
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

We designed quantum circuit dynamics that create unique nonequilibrium steady states in qubit networks. These networks show distinct, long-term memory and inhomogeneous dynamics, unlike typical thermalizing systems.

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Area of Science:

  • Quantum Information Science
  • Condensed Matter Theory
  • Quantum Many-Body Systems

Background:

  • Understanding how quantum systems evolve out of equilibrium is crucial for quantum technologies.
  • Characterizing non-equilibrium steady states (NESS) in isolated quantum systems is a significant theoretical challenge.
  • Previous studies often focused on globally thermalizing systems, leaving the dynamics of constrained, non-thermalizing systems less explored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design and analyze constrained, symmetric quantum circuit dynamics that generate distinguishable non-equilibrium steady states.
  • To investigate the persistence of local memory and inhomogeneous dynamics in these engineered quantum networks.
  • To explore methods for characterizing and differentiating these novel steady states from thermalizing counterparts.

Main Methods:

  • Design of specific constrained, symmetric quantum circuit architectures.
  • Analysis of qubit network dynamics using concepts from open quantum systems and phase-covariant evolution.
  • Quantification of steady-state properties including distance from homogeneity, mutual information network complexity, state space volume, and extractable work.
  • Investigation of noncompletely positive maps and correlated structures in qubit propagators.

Main Results:

  • Successfully designed quantum circuits exhibiting constrained, symmetric dynamics that generate robust non-equilibrium steady states.
  • Demonstrated that these networks maintain local memory of initial conditions and exhibit inhomogeneous subsystem dynamics over long times.
  • Showed that these states are clearly distinguishable from approximately thermalizing networks of the same size.
  • Quantified differences using measures of complexity, thermodynamic utility (extractable work), and propagator map properties.

Conclusions:

  • Engineered quantum circuits offer a viable route to realizing and controlling non-equilibrium steady states with distinct properties.
  • The designed systems provide a platform to study the interplay of constraints, symmetry, and non-equilibrium dynamics in quantum networks.
  • These findings have implications for understanding quantum thermodynamics, information processing, and the fundamental nature of quantum dynamics out of equilibrium.