A Comprehensive Review on Phytoconstituents and Pharmacological Effects of Sesamum Indicum (Sesame)

Sesamum indicum (sesame) is a globally valued oilseed crop renowned for its exceptional nutritional and bioactive properties. Despite extensive research on sesame, a comprehensive synthesis of its phytochemical diversity, molecular mechanisms, and therapeutic potential remains necessary, particularly given emerging evidence on its unique lignans, biological effects, and applications in modern medicine. This review systematically consolidates current knowledge on sesame's botanical traits, bioactive composition, and health benefits by analyzing studies from various databases. Sesame seeds contain 50-60% oil (predominantly oleic [18:1, ~40%] and linoleic acids [18:2, ~45%]), 18-25% high-quality protein, 1.5-3% lignans (including sesamin and sesamolin), 0.5-1.5% phytosterols, and essential minerals (calcium: 975 mg/100 g; magnesium: 351 mg/100 g; iron: 14.6 mg/100 g). Its distinctive bioactive compounds-such as lignans (e.g., sesamol, sesaminol), phenylethanoid glycosides, and root-specific quinones-contribute to oxidative stability and diverse pharmacological effects, including cardioprotection, neuroprotection, and anticancer activity. Mechanistically, sesame exhibits antioxidant effects via Nrf2 activation, anticancer properties through apoptosis induction, and antimicrobial actions supported by molecular docking studies (e.g., anti- COVID-19 potential). While preclinical studies highlight its safety, its emergence as a major allergen warrants clear labelling. Future research should focus on enhancing the bioavailability of bioactive compounds, validating clinical efficacy, and leveraging byproducts for sustainable applications. This review underscores sesame's underexplored therapeutic potential and provides a foundation for future translational studies.