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Burning Mouth Syndrome: Unraveling Multifactorial Etiologies and Advancing Management Strategies
Jiu Lin1, Jiamin Wan1, Tingfeng Zha1
1Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.
Objectives:
Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is a chronic pain disorder with a multifactorial etiology. This review synthesizes key systemic, local, and psychological factors contributing to its etiology and explores emerging etiological mechanisms to provide a comprehensive understanding of BMS.
Methods:
Relevant literature on the pathophysiology and management of BMS was retrieved from major medical databases, including PubMed and Web of Science.
Results:
The etiology of BMS involves complex interactions among neurological, hormonal, and psychological factors. Key contributors include peripheral neuropathy, laryngopharyngeal reflux, hormonal and salivary alterations, and psychological or psychiatric factors. Emerging evidence suggests additional roles for neuroendocrine dysfunction, circadian rhythm disturbances, and microbiota dysbiosis. However, the precise mechanisms remain inadequately understood.
Conclusions:
BMS remains a challenging condition requiring a multidisciplinary management approach. Current treatment strategies incorporate pharmacological interventions, physical therapy, and psychological support, tailored to individual patient needs. Further research is essential to refine diagnostic criteria and develop targeted therapeutic strategies to improve patient outcomes.
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