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Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during bone...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Engineering Skeletal Muscle Tissues from Murine Myoblast Progenitor Cells and Application of Electrical Stimulation
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Geometrically Tunable Scaffold-Free Muscle Bioconstructs for Treating Volumetric Muscle Loss.

Bugra Ayan1,2, Gaoxian Chen1,2,3, Ishita Jain1,2,3

  • 1Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.

Advanced Healthcare Materials
|October 23, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Engineered scaffold-free muscle tissues offer a customizable solution for volumetric muscle loss (VML) injuries. This novel approach enhances muscle regeneration and function, paving the way for clinical applications.

Keywords:
geometrically tunablemodularmuscle regenerationmuscle tissue engineeringscaffold‐freevolumetric muscle loss

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Tissue Engineering

Background:

  • Volumetric muscle loss (VML) injuries result in significant muscle damage exceeding the body's natural regenerative capabilities, leading to lasting functional deficits.
  • Current experimental therapies for muscle regeneration, like cell injection, suffer from poor cell retention, while engineered muscle grafts lack the ability to be precisely shaped for defect compatibility.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel method for creating scaffold-free, high-density muscle tissues with customizable shapes and sizes.
  • To investigate the impact of pre-formed cell-cell interactions on myogenesis within these engineered muscle constructs.
  • To evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of these scaffold-free muscle bioconstructs in a mouse model of VML.

Main Methods:

  • A mold-based technique was employed to fabricate scaffold-free muscle tissue modules.
  • Transcriptional profiling (RNA sequencing) was used to analyze the effects of cell-cell interactions on myogenic gene expression.
  • The functional recovery and vascular regeneration of scaffold-free muscle transplants were assessed in a VML mouse model.

Main Results:

  • Pre-formed cell-cell interactions in scaffold-free constructs significantly promoted myogenic pathways, particularly those involved in muscle contraction and myofibril assembly, compared to dissociated cells.
  • Scaffold-free muscle bioconstructs demonstrated therapeutic efficacy in improving muscle function and promoting vascular regeneration in the VML mouse model.
  • The study successfully demonstrated the potential for integrating this technology with medical imaging and AI for customized intraoperative bioconstruct assembly.

Conclusions:

  • Scaffold-free, geometrically customizable muscle tissues engineered through mold-based methods represent a promising therapeutic strategy for VML injuries.
  • The findings highlight the critical role of cell-cell interactions in enhancing myogenesis within engineered muscle constructs.
  • This technology shows potential for clinical translation, offering tailored solutions for volumetric muscle defects through advanced design and manufacturing integration.