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Automatic design varied-line-spacing grating using ray-tracing method: A proof-of-concept study.

Zhetong Li^1,2, Jiatai Feng^1,2, Xuerong Liu^1,2

¹Center for Transformative Science, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.

The Review of Scientific Instruments

|October 23, 2025

Summary

This study introduces a ray-tracing method for designing varied-line-spacing gratings (VLS-Gs), simplifying groove parameter calculation and focal position determination for spectrometers and monochromators.

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Area of Science:

Optical Engineering
Computational Physics

Background:

Varied-line-spacing gratings (VLS-Gs) are crucial optical components in spectrometers and monochromators.
Current AI-based design methods face challenges in integrating groove parameter calculation, focal position determination, tolerance analysis, and performance estimation.

Purpose of the Study:

To present a proof-of-concept for designing VLS spherical gratings using a ray-tracing method.
To demonstrate the advantages of ray-tracing over conventional optical design approaches for VLS-Gs.

Main Methods:

Employed a ray-tracing method for VLS spherical grating design.
Utilized Powell's hybrid method for efficient determination of coma-free focal positions across different photon energies.
Investigated novel insights for acceptance angle limits and optimal grating length using the ray-tracing approach.

Main Results:

The ray-tracing method directly calculates groove parameters, bypassing complex light path function derivations.
Efficiently determined coma-free focal positions for varied photon energies.
Provided new insights into acceptance angle limits and optimal grating length for VLS-Gs.

Conclusions:

The ray-tracing based VLS-G calculation method offers a streamlined and insightful approach to grating design.
This method holds potential for advancing AI-based automatic design of spectrometers and monochromators.
The approach simplifies complex optical design processes, enhancing efficiency and performance analysis.