Titanium Nanoparticles in Theranostics: A Multifunctional Platform for Targeted Therapy and Advanced Diagnostics

To assess the theranostic potential of titanium nanoparticles (TiNPs), especially titanium dioxide nanoclusters, by assessing their distinct physicochemical characteristics and uses in biomedical domains as gene transport, immunotherapy, antimicrobial therapy, cancer, and biosensing.

The multifunctional properties of TiNPs were reviewed, with particular attention paid to their wide surface area, photo-reactivity, biocompatibility, and simplicity of surface modification. They were evaluated for use in drug delivery, photothermal and photodynamic therapy, biosensing, immunotherapy, gene therapy, antibacterial and antiviral activity, imaging (MRI, CT, fluorescence, optical, and photoacoustic imaging), and immunotherapy.

TiNPs have been demonstrated to improve imaging accuracy and sensitivity while facilitating real-time therapy monitoring. Through targeted administration, they decreased systemic toxicity and increased therapeutic efficacy in oncology. Their production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) promotes their antiviral, antibacterial, and biofilm-inhibitory properties. TiNPs also make it easier to distribute checkpoint inhibitors for immunotherapy and to deliver genes through targeted uptake and electrostatic interactions. They also have high-resolution molecular imaging capabilities and perform better in biosensing and diagnostics.

By integrating therapeutic and diagnostic properties on one platform, titanium-based nanostructures demonstrate notable theranostic potential. The development of next-generation targeted medicines and diagnostics, better treatment results, and customized therapies are all made possible by their multifunctional nature.