Multifunctional Quantum Dots: A Review of Emerging Roles in Technology and Sustainability

The aim of this study is to highlight the emerging and advanced applications of quantum dots (QDs) beyond their conventional use, emphasizing their role in modern electronics, healthcare, energy systems, food safety, and smart materials Methods: This work is based on an extensive literature survey of recent research articles, reviews, and technological reports focusing on the optical, electronic, nonlinear, and thermoelectric properties of quantum dots. The collected data were systematically analyzed to understand how size-dependent properties of QDs enable their integration into diverse applications such as photodetectors, display technologies, biosensors, solar devices, and wearable healthcare systems.

Quantum dots exhibit exceptional size-dependent optical and electronic properties that significantly enhance device performance across multiple sectors. In photodetectors, QDs improve sensitivity over a wide spectral range, while in QLED displays they provide high colour purity and energy efficiency. In the food industry, QD-based sensors enable rapid and accurate detection of pathogens, pesticides, and spoilage markers, improving food safety. Their incorporation into solar windows and photovoltaic glass allows sustainable energy generation without loss of transparency. In wearable healthcare devices, QDs facilitate real-time and non-invasive monitoring of vital biomarkers. Additionally, their nonlinear optical properties support advances in laser technology and optical communication, and their thermoelectric behavior contributes to efficient waste heat recovery and thermal management. These findings demonstrate the versatility and multifunctionality of quantum dots.

Quantum dots represent a powerful class of nanomaterials with broad and transformative potential. Their unique physicochemical properties enable innovative applications across electronics, healthcare, energy, and smart materials. Continued research and technological development are expected to further expand their practical implementation, making quantum dots key components in next-generation sustainable and high-performance devices.