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Mechanisms of Heat Transfer II01:20

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer II

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In convection, thermal energy is carried by the large-scale flow of matter. Ocean currents and large-scale atmospheric circulation, which result from the buoyancy of warm air and water, transfer hot air from the tropics toward the poles and cold air from the poles toward the tropics. The Earth’s rotation interacts with those flows, causing the observed eastward flow of air in the temperate zones. Convection dominates heat transfer by air, and the amount of available space for the airflow...
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Mechanism of heat transfer01:19

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Understanding heat transfer mechanisms is essential for understanding how our bodies maintain balance in different environmental conditions. When the environment is thermoneutral, the body is in a state of balance, neither using nor releasing energy to maintain its core temperature. However, when the environment is not thermoneutral, the body employs four heat transfer mechanisms to maintain homeostasis: conduction, convection, evaporation, and radiation. These mechanisms facilitate heat...
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Mechanisms of Heat Transfer01:14

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Heat transfer between the human body and its environment occurs through four main mechanisms: conduction, convection, radiation, and evaporation.
Conduction, accounting for approximately 3% of body heat loss at rest, is the process of exchanging heat between molecules of two materials in direct contact. This can result in both heat loss and gain. For instance, when the body is submerged in water, which conducts heat 20 times more effectively than air, it can either lose or gain significant...
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Mechanisms of Heat Transfer I01:14

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Just as interesting as the effects of heat transfer on a system are the methods by which the heat transfer occur. Whenever there is a temperature difference, heat transfer occurs. It may occur rapidly, such as through a cooking pan, or slowly, such as through the walls of a picnic ice box. So many processes involve heat transfer that it is hard to imagine a situation where no heat transfer occurs. Yet, every heat transfer takes place by only three methods: conduction, convection, and radiation.
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Heating and Cooling Curves02:44

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When a substance—isolated from its environment—is subjected to heat changes, corresponding changes in temperature and phase of the substance is observed; this is graphically represented by heating and cooling curves.
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Specific Heat

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The specific heat capacity of a substance refers to the energy required to increase the temperature of one gram of that substance by one degree Celcius. Specific heat capacity is often represented in calories (cal), grams (g), and degrees Celsius (oC), but can also be expressed in joules (J), kilograms (kg), and Kelvin (K), among other units.
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Bioinspired Hierarchical Radiative-Phase Change Hybrid Cooling Composite with Record-Breaking Cooling Power.

Xinpeng Hu1, Bingqing Quan1, Zhanjin Shi1

  • 1Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure and Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, P. R. China.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a novel hybrid cooling material inspired by nacre and pearls. This passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC) composite achieves record cooling power, offering a sustainable solution for reducing energy consumption.

Keywords:
bioinspiredcarbon neutralityhybrid coolingphase changeradiative cooling

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Sustainable Energy
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC) is a sustainable technology for reducing cooling energy demand and emissions.
  • Conventional PDRC materials have limited cooling power, insufficient for modern demands.
  • Integrating phase change materials (PCMs) improves cooling capacity but faces challenges in balancing radiative, latent heat, and heat transfer properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a high-performance radiative-phase change hybrid cooling (RPHC) composite.
  • To overcome the limitations of conventional PDRC and integrated PCM systems.
  • To create a material inspired by natural structures for enhanced cooling performance.

Main Methods:

  • A water pre-removal strategy was employed to create hierarchically microstructured RPHC composites.
  • The composite integrates a microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) matrix with core-shell phase change capsules (PCCs).
  • The nacre-pearl light scattering mechanism inspired the material's design.

Main Results:

  • The developed composite achieved high solar reflectivity (0.969) and mid-infrared emissivity (0.958).
  • High latent heat (132.1 J g⁻¹) was achieved through efficient PCC integration.
  • A record-high RPHC cooling power of 226 W m⁻² and a 10.1 °C sub-ambient temperature reduction were demonstrated.

Conclusions:

  • The nacre-pearl-inspired MFC/PCC composite offers superior cooling performance compared to existing PDRC materials.
  • Application to building envelopes showed a potential reduction in cooling energy use by up to 4.4%.
  • This innovative material contributes to energy savings and carbon neutrality goals, with potential global CO₂ emission reductions.