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Smoking and Risk of Uveitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Sanela Kuč1,2, Marjolein Drent3,4,5, Roel Erckens1
1University Eye Clinic, Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC), Maastricht, The Netherlands.
Ocular Immunology and Inflammation
|October 24, 2025
Summary
Smoking significantly increases the risk of developing uveitis, an eye condition causing visual impairment. Quitting smoking is crucial for preventing and managing this disease.
Area of Science:
- Ophthalmology
- Public Health
- Epidemiology
Background:
- Uveitis is a common eye condition leading to visual impairment.
- Identifying modifiable risk factors for uveitis is essential for prevention and management.
Purpose of the Study:
- To systematically review and meta-analyze evidence on the causal role of smoking in uveitis.
- To assess smoking's impact on uveitis pathogenesis, progression, and treatment outcomes.
Main Methods:
- Comprehensive database search (Ovid MEDLINE, Embase) following PRISMA guidelines.
- Inclusion of studies with ophthalmologist-confirmed uveitis and smoking exposure data.
- Meta-analysis of pooled odds ratios (OR) and assessment of evidence certainty using GRADE.
Main Results:
- Seven studies (1557 uveitis cases, 4293 controls) met inclusion criteria.
- A pooled OR of 1.97 (95% CI, 1.71-2.27) indicated a significant association between smoking and uveitis (p < 0.00001).
- Former smokers had an increased risk (OR 1.23), and current smokers tended toward more complications.
Conclusions:
- Smoking is a significant, modifiable risk factor for uveitis.
- Integrating smoking cessation into clinical management and prevention strategies is supported by these findings.
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