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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Spectroscopy: Effects of Temperature01:27

Atomic Spectroscopy: Effects of Temperature

Atomization, converting samples into gas-phase atoms and ions, is essential for atomic spectroscopy. The flame temperature required for atomization affects the efficiency of the atomic spectroscopic methods by increasing the atomization efficiency and the relative population of the excited and ground states.
At thermal equilibrium, the relative populations of excited and ground state atoms can be estimated using the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution. For example, an increase in temperature from...

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Does Duty Cycle Modification Affect Temperature During Thulium Fiber Laser Lithotripsy?

Kallan Richards1, Katya Hanessian1, Ali Albaghli1

  • 1Department of Urology, Loma Linda University Health, Loma Linda, California, USA.

Lasers in Surgery and Medicine
|October 26, 2025
PubMed
Summary

The modified duty cycle thulium fiber laser (TFL) significantly reduces heat production compared to the conventional TFL at higher power settings. This finding is crucial for improving laser lithotripsy safety and efficacy.

Keywords:
lithotripsy, Lasernephrolithiasistemperatureurinary Calculiurolithiasis

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Area of Science:

  • Urology
  • Laser Technology
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Thulium fiber laser (TFL) is effective for stone fragmentation.
  • Concerns exist regarding heat generation during TFL procedures.
  • A modified duty cycle (MDC) TFL was developed to mitigate heat production.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare heat generation between the MDC TFL and conventional TFL.
  • To evaluate the thermal effects of different power settings on kidney stone models.

Main Methods:

  • BegoStone phantoms in a kidney model submerged in a saline bath.
  • Continuous saline irrigation at 15 mL/min.
  • Temperature measured using a needle thermocouple during 60-second laser activations at various power settings (3-30W).
  • Thermal dose calculated as cumulative equivalent minutes at 43°C (CEM₄₃).

Main Results:

  • Both lasers showed similar maximum temperatures (27°C) at 3W.
  • MDC TFL generated significantly lower temperatures than conventional TFL at 10W, 20W, and 30W.
  • CEM₄₃ values were substantially lower for MDC TFL, particularly at 20W and 30W, indicating reduced thermal injury risk.

Conclusions:

  • The MDC TFL demonstrates a significant reduction in heat generation across tested power levels.
  • Further research is needed to assess the stone fragmentation efficiency of the MDC TFL.