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In Vivo Protocol of Controlled Subconcussive Head Impacts for the Validation of Field Study Data
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Quantified Head-Ball Impacts in Soccer: A Preliminary, Prospective Study.

Hugh McCloskey1,2,3, Carolyn Beth McNabb2, Pedro Luque Laguna2

  • 1Cardiff School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.

Neurotrauma Reports
|October 27, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Repetitive soccer headers may cause white matter changes in the brain, detectable with advanced MRI. These microstructural changes correlate with head impact magnitude, suggesting a link to chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) risk.

Keywords:
chronic traumatic encephalopathyhead impactmild traumatic brain injuryneurodegenerative disease

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimaging
  • Sports Medicine
  • Neurology

Background:

  • Repetitive head impacts are linked to chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE).
  • Current CTE diagnosis is postmortem, limiting cause-effect studies.
  • Diffusion MRI offers in vivo assessment of brain microstructure.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate white matter microstructural changes after soccer heading using diffusion MRI.
  • To correlate these changes with head impact magnitude.
  • To assess changes at acute (day 1), subacute (day 90), and chronic (day 180) intervals.

Main Methods:

  • Prospective study with 12 male participants (6 soccer players, 6 controls).
  • Diffusion-weighted MRI (HARDI protocols) acquired at multiple time points.
  • Soccer heading protocol with instrumented mouthguard for impact measurement.

Main Results:

  • Significant white matter microstructural changes observed at day 90 post-heading.
  • Changes correlated strongly with head impact magnitude.
  • Fewer significant changes noted at day 1 and day 180.

Conclusions:

  • The magnitude of repeated soccer headers correlates with white matter microstructural changes.
  • Further research is needed to determine long-term brain health implications.
  • Diffusion MRI is a viable tool for in vivo assessment of head impact-related brain changes.