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Cohesion is the attraction between molecules of the same type, such as water molecules. Water molecules have an overall neutral charge but are polar molecule. An oxygen atom in one water molecule has a partial negative charge that can bind to a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge in a second water molecule, forming a hydrogen bond. Each water molecule can form up to four hydrogen bonds with other water molecules. Hydrogen bonds are responsible for water's cohesive nature.
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Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions (attractive or repulsive) between charged species (permanent, partial, or temporary charges) and exist with varying strengths between ions, polar, nonpolar, and neutral molecules. The different types of intermolecular forces are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion; among these, dipole–dipole, hydrogen...
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Computation of Atmospheric Concentrations of Molecular Clusters from ab initio Thermochemistry
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Dynamic Water Bonding on Clusters Enables Ultrafast Humidity Response and Recovery.

Lei Qu1, Chuanyu Guo1, Xiaojun Zhang1

  • 1Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials, Heilongjiang University, 74 Xuefu Road, Harbin, 150080, P.R. China.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|October 28, 2025
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a novel cluster-based humidity sensor using PhQPCu3I3, achieving ultra-fast response and recovery times for real-time human-body related monitoring applications.

Keywords:
AdsorptionClusterDesorptionDynamic bondingHumidity sensing

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Chemical Sensing
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Real-time human-body related (HBR) humidity monitoring requires fast sensor response and recovery.
  • Existing materials face challenges due to conflicting requirements for water interaction intensity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel cluster-based humidity sensor with enhanced performance for HBR applications.
  • To investigate the mechanism behind rapid water adsorption and desorption in cluster materials.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of a humidity sensor using PhQPCu3I3 with a semi-exposed Cu3I3 crown.
  • Characterization of the sensor's response and recovery times, sensitivity, and hysteresis.
  • Demonstration of the sensor's application in real-time respiratory rate monitoring.

Main Results:

  • The PhQPCu3I3 sensor exhibited doubled sensitivity and halved hysteresis error (3.2%) compared to previous materials.
  • Ultrashort response (0.54 s) and recovery (0.45 s) times were achieved, comparable to human reaction time.
  • The sensor demonstrated effective real-time respiratory rate monitoring and non-contact information input.

Conclusions:

  • The novel PhQPCu3I3 cluster material enables rapid and reversible water interaction via "dynamic synergistic bonding".
  • Cluster-based sensors offer superior performance for real-time HBR humidity monitoring applications.
  • This work highlights the potential of cluster engineering for advanced sensing technologies.