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Updated: Jan 13, 2026

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The Current State of 3D-Printed Prostheses Clinical Outcomes: A Systematic Review.

Huthaifa Atallah1, Titeana Qufabz1, Rabee Naeem2

  • 1Prosthetics and Orthotics Department, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan.

Journal of Functional Biomaterials
|October 28, 2025
PubMed
Summary

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3D-printed prostheses offer improved function and patient satisfaction for upper and lower limbs. Further research is needed to address limitations like small sample sizes and improve evidence quality for wider clinical use.

Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Rehabilitation Science
  • Additive Manufacturing

Background:

  • 3D-printing technology presents significant advantages in prosthetics, including cost-effectiveness, customization, and accessibility.
  • Existing reviews often lack a comprehensive evaluation of clinical outcomes for 3D-printed prostheses.
  • This systematic review aims to consolidate and assess the clinical effectiveness of 3D-printed upper and lower limb prostheses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically evaluate the clinical outcomes of 3D-printed prostheses for both upper and lower limbs.
  • To provide a comprehensive overview of the current evidence on the effectiveness of additive manufactured prosthetic devices.
  • To identify areas for future research in 3D-printed prosthetics.

Main Methods:

Keywords:
3D printingadditive manufacturingclinical outcomesprosthetic socketsystematic review

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  • A systematic literature search was conducted across six major databases following PRISMA guidelines.
  • Studies focusing on clinical outcomes of 3D-printed prostheses in human rehabilitation were included; those lacking clinical data or 3D printing specifics were excluded.
  • Risk of bias was assessed using the modified Downs & Black Checklist.

    • Main Results:

    • Eleven studies met the inclusion criteria, analyzing various 3D-printed upper and lower limb prostheses.
    • Upper limb prostheses demonstrated improvements in dexterity, range of motion, and user satisfaction, with noted durability concerns.
    • Lower limb prostheses showed enhanced comfort, gait parameters, and customization, especially for specialized designs like amphibious and partial foot prostheses.

    Conclusions:

    • 3D-printed prostheses show promise in enhancing functional performance, patient satisfaction, fit, and feasibility compared to traditional methods.
    • Limitations include small sample sizes, inconsistent assessment methodologies, and a need for higher-quality evidence.
    • Further research is crucial to overcome these limitations and support the broader clinical adoption of 3D-printed prosthetic devices.