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Rethinking the impostor phenomenon: An umbrella review of concept, context and interventions
Mia Gisselbaek1,2,3,4, Mohamed Seyour5, Sarah Saxena6,7
1Division of Anaesthesiology, Department of Acute Care Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.
Medical Education
|October 28, 2025
Summary
Impostor Phenomenon (IP) lacks consistent definition and measurement, impacting health professions education. Interventions show promise but require more rigorous research to improve confidence and competence.
Area of Science:
- Psychology
- Health Professions Education
Background:
- Impostor Phenomenon (IP) involves persistent self-doubt and failure to internalize achievements.
- IP negatively affects well-being, professional development, and patient safety in health professions education (HPE).
- Uncertainties exist regarding IP conceptualization, influencing factors, and intervention effectiveness.
Purpose of the Study:
- To synthesize existing systematic and scoping reviews on Impostor Phenomenon (IP).
- To examine IP's conceptualization, contextual influences, and intervention effectiveness in HPE.
- To identify research gaps and inform future study directions.
Main Methods:
- Umbrella review following PRISMA-ScR guidelines.
- Comprehensive literature search across 9 databases (November 27th - December 4th, 2024).
- Inclusion of systematic and scoping reviews; quality assessment using AMSTAR-2 and JBI Critical Appraisal Tool.
Main Results:
- Sixteen reviews included, revealing inconsistent IP conceptualization and measurement challenges.
- Prevalence varied widely; risk factors include perfectionism, marginalized status, and hierarchical cultures.
- Coaching, online modules, and mindfulness showed potential, but intervention studies lacked consistent high quality.
Conclusions:
- Need for conceptual refinement and standardized IP measurement tools.
- Rigorous intervention research is crucial for developing evidence-based strategies.
- Future studies should focus on reconceptualizing IP and evaluating multidimensional assessment frameworks.
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