Advances in sweat gland organoids: construction, molecular mechanisms, and challenges

Sweat glands (SGs) play pivotal roles in systemic and skin homeostasis. However, due to the extremely limited regenerative capacity of SGs, burns and traumas often result in irreversible SGs loss. Recent advancements in three-dimensional (3D) cell culture technology and stem cell research have highlighted the potential of organoid technology in regenerative medicine. This review summarizes the molecular regulatory mechanisms underlying SG development and focuses on the latest progress in sweat gland organoid (SGO) construction. By examining various cell sources, including SG stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), and reprogrammed cells, as well as the influence of 3D culture microenvironments on SGO assembly, we highlighted the promising applications of SGOs in post-burn SG regeneration. Despite challenges in cell induction efficiency and functional reconstruction, SGO technology offers a novel therapeutic strategy for restoring SG function in burn patients.