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Morning physical activity significantly boosts adolescent cognitive performance, alertness, and mood. Scheduling exercise in the morning optimizes learning readiness and well-being more effectively than midday or afternoon sessions.

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Area of Science:

  • Adolescent Health
  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Exercise Physiology

Background:

  • Physical activity is known to enhance cognitive function in adolescents.
  • The impact of circadian timing on the benefits of school-based physical activity is not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how the timing of school-based physical activity (morning, midday, afternoon) affects cognitive performance, subjective alertness, and mood in early adolescents.
  • To determine if morning, midday, or afternoon activity yields the greatest benefits.

Main Methods:

  • A 12-week crossover intervention involving 102 students (aged 12-13 years).
  • Three 4-week conditions of structured physical activity (morning, midday, afternoon) with 1-week washouts.
  • Assessment of cognitive outcomes (d2-R, Digit Span backward, TMT-A), alertness (KSS), and mood (PANAS-C) using linear mixed-effects models and ANOVAs.

Main Results:

  • Morning physical activity demonstrated the most significant improvements in attention, working memory, processing speed, alertness, and positive affect.
  • Midday sessions showed moderate benefits across cognitive and affective measures.
  • Afternoon activity yielded the weakest or non-significant improvements, with chronotype moderating effects on attention and working memory.

Conclusions:

  • The timing of physical activity is a crucial factor influencing its cognitive and affective benefits in adolescents.
  • Integrating morning exercise into school schedules is a practical strategy to enhance adolescent learning readiness and overall well-being.