Valorization of Cavia porcellus By-Products via Ultrasound-Assisted Collagen Extraction: Optimization and...

The by-products of Cavia porcellus (legs and head) were valorized for collagen extraction using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE). Process optimization was performed through response surface methodology (central composite design) considering amplitude, cycle, and time as factors. Samples were pretreated with NaOH and butyl alcohol, followed by acetic acid extraction under controlled sonication. The quadratic models for yield and hydroxyproline showed excellent fit (high R², R²adj, and R²pred) with no significant lack of fit. The optimal conditions were identified at 100% amplitude, cycle = 1, and 27.47 min, and these were validated experimentally, yielding 28.15 ± 0.19% collagen and 4.18 ± 0.12% hydroxyproline, values that closely matched predictions. The optimal extract exhibited a hydrodynamic diameter of 599.3 nm, a ζ-potential of -61.3 mV, and a polydispersity index of 0.33, indicating a highly stable colloidal dispersion with submicron fibrils. SEM micrographs confirmed fibrillar bundles consistent with the particle size distribution, while FTIR spectra showed characteristic amide bands indicative of triple-helix preservation. These results demonstrate that UAE of guinea pig by-products produces collagen with high structural integrity and colloidal stability, highlighting its potential for food and biomaterial applications.