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Related Concept Videos

2D NMR: Overview of Heteronuclear Correlation Techniques01:18

2D NMR: Overview of Heteronuclear Correlation Techniques

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Heteronuclear correlation spectroscopy is an analytical technique that investigates the coupling between different types of nuclei, often a proton and an X-nucleus, such as carbon-13 or nitrogen-15. This method is commonly used in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to gain insights into complex chemical compounds' structural and compositional aspects. A typical heteronuclear correlation spectrum displays X-nucleus chemical shifts on one axis and a proton spectrum on the other...
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Proton (¹H) NMR: Chemical Shift01:07

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Organic molecules primarily contain carbon and hydrogen atoms. While all the hydrogen isotopes are NMR-active, protium or hydrogen-1 is the most abundant. It has a significant energy separation between its nuclear spin states due to its large gyromagnetic ratio. As per Boltzmann's distribution, an increase in the energy separation implies a greater excess population of nuclei available for excitation, resulting in a strong NMR absorption signal.
Absorption signals of all the protium nuclei...
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¹³C NMR: Distortionless Enhancement by Polarization Transfer (DEPT)01:20

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When proton-coupled carbon-13 spectra are simplified by a broadband proton decoupling technique, structural information about the coupled protons is lost. Distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer (DEPT) is a technique that provides information on the number of hydrogens attached to each carbon in a molecule. While the DEPT experiment utilizes complex pulse sequences, the pulse delay and flip angle are specifically manipulated. The resulting signals have different phases depending on...
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¹H NMR Chemical Shift Equivalence: Homotopic and Heterotopic Protons01:03

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Protons in identical electronic environments within a molecule are chemically equivalent and have the same chemical shift. The replacement test is a useful tool to identify chemical equivalence and predict NMR spectra. A substituent replaces each of the protons being examined and the resulting molecules are compared. If the same molecule is obtained, the protons are equivalent or homotopic. Replacement of any hydrogens in ethane by chlorine yields chloroethane because all six protons are...
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¹H NMR: Complex Splitting01:13

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A proton M that is coupled to a proton X results in doublet signals for M. However, NMR-active nuclei can be simultaneously coupled to more than one nonequivalent nucleus. When M is coupled to a second proton A, such as in styrene oxide, each peak in the doublet is split into another doublet.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 13, 2026

Universal Hand-held Three-dimensional Optoacoustic Imaging Probe for Deep Tissue Human Angiography and Functional Preclinical Studies in Real Time
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Bridging Photoacoustic and Protoacoustic Imaging: Material Heterogeneity Effects on Proton Range Verification Using

Sangwoon Jeong1, Wonjoong Cheon2, Youngyih Han3

  • 1Department of Radiation Oncology, Wonju Severance Christian Hospital, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 26426, Republic of Korea.

Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland)
|October 29, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Protoacoustic imaging uses sound waves to verify proton therapy range. Tissue variations, especially lung tissue, significantly impact accuracy, requiring adjustments for clinical use.

Keywords:
acoustic heterogeneityprotoacousticsproton range verificationproton therapytime-of-flight analysis

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Imaging
  • Physics
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Photoacoustic and protoacoustic imaging generate acoustic waves via optical absorption or proton Bragg-peak, respectively.
  • Tissue heterogeneity significantly impacts acoustic signal propagation and detection accuracy in these imaging modalities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate the effect of material variation on time-of-flight (TOF)-based acoustic signal analysis for protoacoustic proton range verification.
  • Provide insights applicable to photoacoustic imaging methodologies.

Main Methods:

  • Analyzed acoustic signal variations due to temperature changes in water.
  • Evaluated range errors in heterogeneous phantoms, including lung-containing cases.
  • Simulated clinical scenarios with detectors positioned near air or low-density tissues.

Main Results:

  • A ±15 °C temperature difference in water caused a minimal 0.04 μs delay.
  • Lung-containing phantoms resulted in proton range errors up to 3.72 mm.
  • Clinical simulations showed overestimations up to 192.4 mm, with only 2 of 25 detector positions meeting the <2 mm error criterion.

Conclusions:

  • Tissue composition and acoustic heterogeneity critically affect protoacoustic wave propagation and range accuracy.
  • Accurate protoacoustic range verification necessitates accounting for material variations, particularly in lung regions.
  • Addressing these variations is crucial for the clinical applicability of protoacoustic imaging in proton therapy.