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Related Concept Videos

Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health01:25

Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health

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The growth and maintenance of bone are regulated by a combination of nutritional factors, including vitamins, such as vitamin A, B12, C, D, and K.
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Vitamin A is involved in the process of bone remodeling. Retinoic acid, the active metabolite of Vitamin A, has nuclear receptors in osteoblasts and osteoclasts, which are involved in bone remodeling.
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Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.
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Roles of Electrolytes: Calcium and Phosphate01:27

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Calcium and phosphate are essential electrolytes in the human body, with calcium being the most abundant mineral. Around 99% of the body's calcium is stored in the skeleton and teeth, forming a crystal lattice of mineral salts in combination with phosphates. Calcium plays crucial roles in various bodily functions such as blood clotting, neurotransmitter release, muscle tone maintenance, and nervous and muscle tissue excitability.
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The minerals contained in all of the food we consume are essential for our organ systems. However, certain essential minerals, such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, and fluoride, largely affect bone health.
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Calcitonin, a vital polypeptide hormone, regulates calcium levels within body fluids. It is released by the parafollicular cells, also known as C cells, situated in the follicular epithelium of the thyroid gland. Calcitonin responds to fluctuations in blood calcium levels and the influence of gastrointestinal hormones like gastrin and cholecystokinin.
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Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
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Iron in Vascular Calcification: Pro-Calcific Agent or Protective Modulator?

Enikő Balogh1, Andrea Tóth1, Viktória Jeney1

  • 1Vascular Pathophysiology Research Group, Research Centre for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|October 29, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Iron metabolism disturbances impact vascular calcification, a key factor in cardiovascular disease. This review explores iron

Keywords:
chronic kidney diseaseironosteochondrogenic differentiationvalve calcificationvalve interstitial cellvascular calcificationvascular smooth muscle cell

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Biology
  • Mineral Metabolism
  • Vascular Biology

Background:

  • Vascular calcification contributes to cardiovascular disease, especially in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and diabetes.
  • It's an active, cell-mediated process resembling bone formation.
  • Iron metabolism is a newly identified modulator of vascular calcification.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the dual role of iron in vascular calcification.
  • To summarize in vitro and in vivo studies on iron's impact on vascular cell calcification.
  • To explore clinical evidence linking iron metabolism to coronary artery calcification in CKD.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of in vitro and in vivo studies.
  • Analysis of mechanistic insights into iron's role.
  • Compilation of clinical data on iron metabolism and vascular calcification in CKD.

Main Results:

  • Iron has a complex, dose-dependent role in vascular calcification.
  • Studies show iron can both promote and inhibit vascular cell calcification.
  • Clinical data links altered iron metabolism to increased coronary artery calcification and mortality in CKD.

Conclusions:

  • Iron metabolism is a critical factor in vascular calcification.
  • Understanding iron's dual role is essential for managing cardiovascular risk in CKD patients.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate iron's precise mechanisms in vascular calcification.