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Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Formulation of Diblock Polymeric Nanoparticles through Nanoprecipitation Technique
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Formulation and Systematic Optimisation of Polymeric Blend Nanoparticles via Box-Behnken Design.

Basant Salah Mahmoud1,2, Christopher McConville1,3

  • 1School of Pharmacy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.

Pharmaceutics
|October 29, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Polymer blending enhances polycaprolactone (PCL) nanoparticles for drug delivery. A Box-Behnken design optimized nanoparticle formulation for improved encapsulation efficiency and stability.

Keywords:
Box–Behnken designencapsulation efficiencyirinotecan hydrochloridenanoparticlespolycaprolactonepolylactic-co-glycolic acidsizezeta potential

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Polymer Chemistry

Background:

  • Polycaprolactone (PCL) shows promise for drug delivery but requires improved drug encapsulation.
  • Blending PCL with less hydrophobic polymers offers a strategy to enhance physicochemical properties.
  • Integrating polymer blending with Box-Behnken design (BBD) optimization addresses limitations in PCL-based nanoparticles.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop PCL-based blend nanoparticles (NPs) with enhanced encapsulation efficiency (EE).
  • To control particle size and improve stability through surface charge modulation.
  • To optimize NP formulation using a BBD approach.

Main Methods:

  • Drug-loaded blend NPs were fabricated using a double emulsion method with varying polymer ratios.
  • A Box-Behnken design (BBD) was employed to identify key factors influencing NP size, charge, and EE.
  • Statistical modeling was used to predict optimal formulation parameters.

Main Results:

  • Blending PCL with a less hydrophobic polymer significantly increased EE, reaching 60.96% under optimal conditions.
  • The BBD model accurately predicted conditions for optimal NP size, negative surface charge, and enhanced EE.
  • Drug amount was the primary driver for EE, while polymer ratios significantly affected NP size and surface charge.

Conclusions:

  • Controlled polymer ratios, drug loading, and surfactant concentrations are crucial for optimizing NP characteristics.
  • A 50:50 PCL:PLGA blend demonstrated superior physicochemical performance.
  • The BBD identified an optimal formulation predicting NPs with a size of 283.06 nm, zeta potential of -31.54 mV, and 70% EE.