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Endocarditis: Rising Incidence in the Post-COVID-19 Pandemic Era: A Narrative Review
Cynthia L Lefter1, Salvatore Poddi2, Alessio Rungatscher2
1George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology, 540139 Targu Mures, Romania.
Journal of Clinical Medicine
|October 29, 2025
Summary
Infective endocarditis (IE) incidence is rising due to new risk factors and the COVID-19 pandemic. This review examines IE trends, Non-Bacterial Thrombotic Endocarditis (NBTE), and diagnostic challenges.
Area of Science:
- Cardiology
- Infectious Diseases
- Epidemiology
Background:
- Infective Endocarditis (IE) incidence is increasing in elderly and young adults.
- Non-Bacterial Thrombotic Endocarditis (NBTE) is increasingly recognized as an underdiagnosed condition.
- The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted endocarditis epidemiology, diagnosis, and management.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the rising incidence of IE and associated risk factors.
- To discuss the significance and role of NBTE.
- To explore the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on endocarditis and current diagnostic challenges.
Main Methods:
- Narrative review of current literature.
- Analysis of epidemiological trends in endocarditis.
- Discussion of diagnostic criteria and challenges.
Main Results:
- Emerging risk factors contribute to increased IE rates.
- NBTE plays a subtle but significant role in endocarditis.
- The pandemic has altered endocarditis presentation and management.
Conclusions:
- Understanding evolving risk factors is crucial for managing IE.
- Improved diagnostic strategies are needed for IE and NBTE.
- Post-pandemic era requires re-evaluation of endocarditis diagnosis and treatment.
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