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Temporal Eating Patterns and Ultra-Processed Food Consumption Assessed from Mobile Food Records of Australian Adults
Janelle D Healy1, Satvinder S Dhaliwal1,2,3,4, Christina M Pollard1,5,6
1Curtin School of Population Health, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia.
Nutrients
|October 29, 2025
Summary
Ultra-processed food (UPF) intake peaks at conventional mealtimes, especially for younger adults. Understanding these temporal eating patterns is key for public health nutrition interventions targeting UPF consumption.
Area of Science:
- Nutrition Science
- Public Health
- Behavioral Science
Background:
- Ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption and eating timing are linked to obesity and chronic diseases.
- Temporal eating patterns of UPF intake are not well understood due to data collection challenges.
Purpose of the Study:
- To identify temporal eating patterns of ultra-processed food consumption using mobile food records (mFRs).
Main Methods:
- Utilized 4-day mFRs from 243 young (18-30 years) and 148 older adults (>30 years).
- Extracted eating times from mFR metadata and identified UPFs using the NOVA system.
- Analyzed hourly UPF energy intake (EI) proportions, comparing weekdays and weekends, and used logistic regression.
Main Results:
- Younger adults consumed a higher proportion of UPF EI (48.8%) than older adults (36.1%).
- Younger adults showed UPF EI peaks at 8 pm and 1 pm; older adults had peaks at 7 am, 1 pm, and 8 pm.
- Older adults had higher weekend UPF EI than weekdays; no weekend difference was observed in younger adults.
Conclusions:
- UPF energy intake primarily occurs during typical mealtimes, with significant consumption, particularly among younger individuals.
- Temporal UPF consumption data offers valuable insights for designing targeted public health nutrition strategies.
- No significant associations were found between UPF intake levels and demographic factors like sex, BMI, or education.
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