Biodegradation of Emerging Contaminants Controlled by Biological and Chemical Factors

Emerging contaminants (ECs) are organic compounds, including pharmaceuticals, personal care products, pesticides, and other chemicals, that are linked to harmful effects on aquatic environments. Indigenous microorganisms often act as natural barriers by breaking down these contaminants into less harmful substances. However, not all biological processes result in the complete biodegradation of ECs, and specific conditions must be met for this to occur. These conditions are influenced by chemical and biological factors such as seasonal variations, oxygen availability, nutrient levels, ECs concentrations, and the types of microorganisms present in the aquatic environment, all of which can either enhance or inhibit ECs biodegradation. This review provides a thorough examination of the chemical properties and factors that influence the fate of ECs in aquatic environments, discussing the impact of these factors on microbial degradation of ECs through metabolic and co-metabolic processes. Finally, this review emphasizes the importance of integrating interdisciplinary studies that consider diverse key factors to offer a more holistic and accurate understanding of ECs' biodegradation in aquatic systems.