Sex Differences in Foot Arch Structure Affect Postural Control and Energy Flow During Dynamic Tasks

Area of Science:

• Biomechanics
• Human Movement Science
• Orthopedics

Background:

• Investigating sex-based variations in foot arch structure and function.
• Understanding the influence of these differences on postural control and energy dynamics during movement.
• Aiming to enhance sex-specific training, movement analysis, and injury prevention strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

• To examine sex differences in foot arch morphology and its relation to postural control.
• To analyze sex-specific energy flow patterns during dynamic tasks like sit-to-stand (STS).
• To provide insights for sex-tailored biomechanical interventions.

Main Methods:

• Assessed foot arch structure in 108 participants (53 males, 55 females).
• Collected motion data using motion capture, force plates, and EMG during STS.
• Calculated joint forces, velocities, center of pressure (COP), center of mass (COM), and segmental net energy.

Main Results:

• Males exhibited higher foot arch stiffness and distinct postural control strategies (e.g., lower COP frequency, COM velocity).
• Males demonstrated greater momentum transfer post-seat-off, while females showed higher thigh joint power pre-seat-off.
• Significant sex differences were observed in segmental power generation and energy flow during STS.

Conclusions:

• Foot arch structure significantly influences postural control and energy transfer between sexes during STS.
• Females' lower arch stiffness necessitates more frequent postural adjustments, potentially increasing knee and ankle mechanical load and injury risk.
• Findings highlight the importance of considering sex-specific biomechanics in movement assessment and injury prevention.