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Enhancing Cyber Situational Awareness Through Dynamic Adaptive Symbology: The DASS Framework.

Nicholas Macrino1, Sergio Pallas Enguita1, Chung-Hao Chen1

  • 1Batten College of Engineering & Technology, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|October 29, 2025
PubMed
Summary

The Dynamic Adaptive Symbol System (DASS) improves cybersecurity threat detection by dynamically updating military symbols. This system enhances situational awareness and reduces operator workload in real-time threat response.

Keywords:
MIL-STD-2525DNASA-TLX (task load index)adaptive symbologycognitive loadcommon operational picture (COP)cyber situational awareness (CSA)decision support systemshuman–computer interaction (HCI)military symbologytask-oriented visualizationthreat visualization

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Area of Science:

  • Cybersecurity
  • Military Information Systems
  • Human-Computer Interaction

Background:

  • Traditional military symbology (e.g., MIL-STD-2525D) is static, limiting real-time threat detection in dynamic cybersecurity operations.
  • Existing systems struggle to convey evolving threat severity and context effectively, increasing operator cognitive load.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce the Dynamic Adaptive Symbol System (DASS), a novel framework designed to enhance cyber situational awareness.
  • To overcome the limitations of static military symbology in military and enterprise cybersecurity environments.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a modular Python 3.10 architecture for the DASS.
  • Integrated machine learning for dynamic threat detection and symbol adaptation based on severity and context.
  • Conducted empirical testing comparing DASS against MIL-STD-2525D with cybersecurity professionals.

Main Results:

  • DASS significantly improved threat identification rates by 30%.
  • Response times were reduced by 25% with DASS.
  • Achieved 90% accuracy in symbol interpretation, prioritizing critical threats and reducing cognitive load.

Conclusions:

  • The DASS framework effectively enhances cyber situational awareness by dynamically adapting symbology.
  • The system demonstrates superior performance over traditional static symbology in threat detection and response.
  • DASS shows promise for military and enterprise cybersecurity operations, despite current focus on virus-based scenarios.