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Initiation of Direct Shoot Organogenesis in Coconut Using Immature Inflorescence.

Eveline Y Y Kong^1,2, Julianne Maree Biddle¹, Sisunandar Sisunandar³

¹School of Agriculture and Food Sustainability, The University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, Lockyer Valley Region, Gatton 4343, Australia.

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|October 29, 2025

Summary

Direct shoot organogenesis offers a promising method for producing clonal coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) plantlets. This study optimized conditions using immature inflorescence explants for mass propagation of high-quality planting materials.

Keywords:

cloning coconut direct organogenesis inflorescence thidiazuron

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Area of Science:

Plant Biotechnology
Horticultural Science
Crop Improvement

Background:

Coconut production faces limitations due to a scarcity of high-quality planting materials for replanting senile palms.
Increasing global demand for coconut products necessitates enhanced production strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate direct shoot organogenesis as an alternative to somatic embryogenesis for clonal coconut plantlet production.
To optimize explant types, plant growth regulators, and additives for efficient shoot induction from immature inflorescence explants.

Main Methods:

Utilized immature inflorescence explants from coconut palms sourced from Indonesia and Australia.
Evaluated various exogenous plant growth regulators (e.g., thidiazuron, adenine sulphate) and additives (e.g., activated charcoal, phloroglucinol, L-glutamine).
Employed histological analysis to identify suitable explant developmental stages.

Main Results:

Direct shoot-like structures, resembling true vegetative shoots, formed from explants cultured with plant growth regulators and activated charcoal.
Optimal shoot induction percentages (63-80%) and shoot numbers (6-8 per explant) were achieved with thidiazuron or combinations of regulators.
Adenine sulphate significantly enhanced shoot induction (50%), while phloroglucinol had a negative effect, and L-glutamine showed a positive influence.

Conclusions:

Direct shoot organogenesis from immature inflorescence explants is a viable method for producing clonal coconut plantlets.
Specific plant growth regulators and additives can significantly improve shoot induction efficiency.
Further research is warranted to develop a commercial protocol for mass propagation of coconut plantlets.