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Updated: Jan 13, 2026

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Photosynthetic Biomanufacturing in Mechanically Robust, 3D Printed Hydrogels.

Jayce E Taylor1, Kinsey Drake2, Nhu Tong1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States.

ACS Synthetic Biology
|October 29, 2025
PubMed
Summary

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Metabolic engineering·2025

Engineered living materials (ELMs) using cyanobacteria in hydrogels enable sustainable chemical production. These materials show promise for autotrophic applications, adapting to environmental changes.

Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Synthetic Biology
  • Chemical Engineering

Background:

  • Engineered living materials (ELMs) combine synthetic polymers and cells for adaptive systems.
  • Current ELM research underexplores photoautotrophic organisms for sustainable applications.
  • Cyanobacteria, like *Synechococcus elongatus* PCC 7942, convert CO2 to valuable chemicals using light.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Evaluate cyanobacterial viability in hydrogel matrices for ELM applications.
  • Assess the potential of cyanobacteria-based ELMs for autotrophic chemical production.
  • Investigate the influence of bioproduction on material mechanical properties.

Main Methods:

  • Tested *Synechococcus elongatus* PCC 7942 viability in three hydrogel types.
  • Engineered cyanobacteria to produce 2,3-butanediol (23BDO).
Keywords:
biomaterialscyanobacteriaengineered living materialsengineered living systemsmetabolic engineering

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  • Measured 23BDO production, material mechanical properties, and cell viability using fluorescence imaging.

    • Main Results:

    • *S. elongatus* viability confirmed only in bovine serum albumin-conjugated acrylate hydrogels.
    • Encapsulated cyanobacteria produced 719 mg L-1 of 23BDO over four days.
    • Cell incorporation increased material stiffness, while 23BDO accumulation decreased it.

    Conclusions:

    • Cyanobacteria-based ELMs are viable for autotrophic chemical production.
    • Bioproduction within ELMs dynamically modulates material mechanics.
    • This work establishes a foundation for sustainable, light-driven chemical manufacturing using engineered living materials.