Effective interventions for preventing and controlling hookah smoking in Iran: a qualitative study of experts' and...

Hookah or water pipe smoking has become increasingly popular in recent years, especially among young Iranian adults. This traditional method of smoking poses significant health risks and requires effective interventions. Hence, this study aims to explore interventions that can be effective in preventing and controlling hookah smoking in Iran.

This qualitative thematic analysis research was conducted through semi-structured interviews with 34 diverse experts and stakeholders and analysis of national and provincial policy documents. The documents were collected from local websites and various related organizations, including the Iranian governmental ministries and Iran's Parliament Research Center. To analyze the data, a thematic analysis approach was utilized through the use of MAXQDA 20.

Interventions were categorized into two main groups: policy interventions (effective governance, evidence-based policymaking, and political support) and management interventions (civil society empowerment, supervision and monitoring, and medical care).

The findings highlight the need for multi-sectoral collaboration, stronger governance, and community engagement to address the growing prevalence of hookah smoking. This study provides evidence-based recommendations for policymakers and stakeholders to develop culturally appropriate interventions in Iran.