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Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) is a multidisciplinary field that examines how psychological factors, particularly stress, interact with the immune system and impact physical health. Research in PNI has shown that chronic or traumatic stress can disrupt both the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the sympathetic nervous system. These disruptions contribute to serious health conditions, including cardiovascular diseases.
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Viral Infections and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Kosuke Kawai1, Cresencia Felician Muhere2, Elkin V Lemos3

  • 1Department of Medicine David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles CA USA.

Journal of the American Heart Association
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Viral infections like influenza, SARS-CoV-2, and HIV significantly increase cardiovascular disease risk. Vaccination is a key preventive strategy against these major cardiovascular events.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Epidemiology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Growing evidence suggests a link between viral infections and cardiovascular disease (CVD).
  • Understanding this association is crucial for public health strategies and patient management.
  • This review focuses on coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke as major CVD outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review and meta-analyze studies on the association between viral infections and CVD risk.
  • To quantify the risk of CHD and stroke associated with specific viral infections.

Main Methods:

  • A comprehensive search of multiple databases (MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, etc.) was conducted.
  • Studies were included from inception up to July 2024.
  • Meta-analysis techniques were employed to pool risk estimates.

Main Results:

  • 155 studies were included in the analysis.
  • HIV, SARS-CoV-2, influenza, hepatitis C virus, and herpes zoster were consistently associated with increased risks of CHD and/or stroke.
  • Influenza showed a particularly high risk for acute myocardial infarction and stroke within one month of infection.

Conclusions:

  • Several viral infections, including influenza, SARS-CoV-2, HIV, hepatitis C virus, and herpes zoster, pose a significant risk for major cardiovascular events.
  • Vaccination emerges as a critical intervention for mitigating the risk of CVD associated with viral infections.