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Updated: Jan 12, 2026

Subcutaneous Trigeminal Nerve Field Stimulation for Refractory Facial Pain
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Facial Pain.

Rachel Sunico1, David Ho2

  • 1Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, UC Irvine Health, UC Irvine School of Medicine, 101 The City Drive South Building 53, Suite 311A, Orange, CA 92868, USA.

Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America
|October 30, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cranial nerve lesions like trigeminal neuralgia cause facial pain and headaches. Diagnosis relies on history, exams, and imaging, with treatments ranging from medication to surgery for severe cases.

Keywords:
Cranial neuropathyCraniofacial painFacial painGeniculate neuralgiaGlossopharyngeal neuralgiaOccipital neuralgiaTrigeminal neuralgia

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Pain Medicine

Background:

  • Cranial nerve lesions present with complex headache and facial pain syndromes.
  • Conditions include trigeminal neuralgia, occipital neuralgia, and glossopharyngeal neuralgia.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline the diagnostic and management strategies for cranial nerve lesions causing facial pain.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical presentations and diagnostic approaches.
  • Discussion of neuroimaging modalities for differential diagnosis.
  • Overview of treatment options, from conservative to surgical.

Main Results:

  • Diagnosis depends heavily on detailed patient history and physical examination.
  • Neuroimaging is crucial for excluding other pathologies.
  • Pharmacologic treatments (antidepressants, SNRIs, anticonvulsants) are primary interventions.

Conclusions:

  • Symptomatic management is key for cranial nerve lesion-related pain.
  • Advanced procedures and surgery are reserved for treatment-resistant cases.