Rheumatic heart disease and mitral stenosis

Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) remains a leading cause of mitral stenosis (MS), particularly in developing countries like India, China or countries within Africa. Characterized by a long latent phase after acute rheumatic fever, rheumatic MS often leads to significant morbidity and mortality. This paper explores its epidemiology, natural history, and clinical consequences, including associations with atrial fibrillation, pulmonary hypertension, heart failure, systemic embolism, and infective endocarditis. We review diagnostic tools, particularly echocardiography, and management strategies such as balloon mitral commissurotomy and surgical interventions. Emerging therapies, including lithotripsy-facilitated procedures and trans-catheter valve replacement, offer promise for high-risk patients. Early detection and comprehensive care are essential to reduce the global burden of rheumatic MS.