Role of BMP-7 in Cardiovascular Diseases: From Molecular Mechanisms to Therapeutic Horizons

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the most prominent leading cause of morbidity and mortality in developed and developing countries. Bone Morphogenetic Protein-7 (BMP-7), a member of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily, has served as a crucial mediator in the progression of pathogenesis of numerous CVDs. A narrative literature review was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. Studies addressing BMP-7 and cardiovascular implications were included for this review. BMP-7 is considered significant for its cardioprotective properties, providing anti-fibrotic, anti-inflammatory, and pro-regenerative effects. Additionally, BMP-7 interacts with other signaling molecules, including TGF-β/Smad2/3 signaling, PI3K/Akt pathway, PTEN-Akt pathway, and NF-kB signaling, positioning BMP-7 as a potential therapeutic target for mitigating CVDs. Current research into BMP-7 analogs and gene therapy identifies its potential in personalized medicine for CVDs. Conclusively, BMP-7 serves as a multi- -targeting regulator in the pathogenesis of CVDs by influencing the progression of a spectrum of complex molecular interactions of CVDs. Therefore, the present review provides a detailed description of the mechanisms by which it interacts with other molecular targets in the pathogenesis of CVDs, aiming to generate new avenues for targeted intervention and biomarker development in cardiovascular medicine.