Harnessing copper: Innovative approaches to combat neurodegenerative diseases and cancer (Review)

Copper is an important trace element in the human body and plays an essential role in cells, where it is involved in synthesizing copper‑dependent enzymes, including superoxide dismutase, cytochrome c oxidase, tyrosinase, lysyl oxidase, dopamine‑β‑hydroxylase and other related copper‑containing enzymes. Copper overload or deficiency affects cell activity, leading to the development of neurodegenerative diseases or cancer. Neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Huntington's disease, as well as cancer, represent significant chronic health burdens. The complexity of their pathophysiological mechanisms, coupled with the limitations of current targeted therapies, complicates the development of effective treatments. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of copper's regulatory mechanisms in health and disease, with particular emphasis on its roles in neurodegenerative disorders and cancer. Recent advances in copper‑targeted therapeutic strategies, including copper chelators, ionophores and copper‑based nanoparticles, were highlighted. Furthermore, the clinical potential, key challenges and future prospects of these interventions were assessed. By synthesizing recent preclinical and clinical evidence, this review aims to contribute novel perspectives for improving the treatment of copper‑associated diseases.