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Seedless Growth of Bismuth Nanowire Array via Vacuum Thermal Evaporation

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Published on: December 21, 2015

Progress and opportunities in bismuth-based materials for X-ray detection.

Joydip Ghosh¹, Priyanka Priyadarshini², Zubaida T Younus³

¹Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QR UK.

MRS Energy & Sustainability : a Review Journal

|November 3, 2025

Summary

Bismuth-based compounds offer a safer, more stable alternative to lead halide perovskites for X-ray detection. These materials show promise for detecting low-dose X-rays, advancing radiation detection technology.

Keywords:

Bi defects devices electronic material electron–phonon interactions perovskites

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Radiation Detection
Semiconductor Physics

Background:

Lead halide perovskites are widely used for ionizing radiation detection due to excellent performance and cost-effectiveness.
Challenges with lead halide perovskites include lead toxicity, poor stability, and dark current drift.
Bismuth-based compounds offer a promising alternative with lower toxicity and improved stability.

Purpose of the Study:

To review recent advances in bismuth-based perovskite derivatives and perovskite-inspired materials for direct X-ray detection.
To discuss the critical properties enabling strong performance, especially low-dose rate detection.
To outline strategies for performance enhancement and commercialization challenges.

Main Methods:

Review of recent research on bismuth-based materials for X-ray detection.
Analysis of material properties influencing X-ray attenuation and charge transport.
Discussion of structural variations (3D, 2D, 0D) and their impact on performance.

Main Results:

Bismuth-based compounds exhibit high atomic numbers for strong X-ray attenuation.
These materials demonstrate lower toxicity and better environmental/thermal stability than lead-based counterparts.
Bismuth materials can detect X-ray dose rates significantly lower than amorphous selenium and offer room-temperature operation.

Conclusions:

Bismuth-based perovskite derivatives and inspired materials are viable alternatives for direct X-ray detection.
Their properties make them suitable for detecting low-dose X-rays with enhanced stability and safety.
Further research is needed to overcome challenges for commercialization.