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Related Concept Videos

Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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The Tumor Microenvironment02:17

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Every normal cell or tissue is embedded in a complex local environment called stroma, consisting of different cell types, a basal membrane, and blood vessels. As normal cells mutate and develop into cancer cells, their local environment also changes to allow cancer progression. The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of a complex cellular matrix of stromal cells and the developing tumor. The cross-talk between cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells is critical to disrupt normal tissue...
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Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 12, 2026

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Lactylation and antitumor immunity.

Biao Yang1, Lingyu Li1, Dongmei Shi1

  • 1The Laboratory of Medical Mycology, Jining No. 1 People's Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China.

Frontiers in Immunology
|November 3, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Lactylation, a post-translational modification, drives tumor immunosuppression by altering immune cell function. Targeting lactylation offers a promising strategy for novel cancer therapies.

Keywords:
antitumor immunityhistone and non-histone lactylationimmunosuppressive phenotypeslactate accumulationlactylationtumor microenvironment

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Area of Science:

  • Cancer Biology
  • Immunology
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Lactylation is a newly identified post-translational modification crucial in cancer.
  • The Warburg effect leads to lactate accumulation in the tumor microenvironment (TME).
  • Elevated lactate drives lactylation, impacting gene expression and protein function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize current knowledge on lactate and lactylation in tumor immunosuppression.
  • To detail molecular mechanisms of immune cell inhibition by lactylation.
  • To evaluate emerging therapeutic strategies targeting lactylation.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on lactylation and cancer immunology.
  • Analysis of molecular pathways involved in immune cell modulation by lactate.
  • Evaluation of preclinical and clinical data for lactylation-targeted therapies.

Main Results:

  • Lactylation reprograms immune cells within the TME, promoting an immunosuppressive phenotype.
  • Impaired effector function, increased immunosuppressive cytokines, and altered antigen presentation are key outcomes.
  • Specific immune cells affected include macrophages, T cells, NK cells, and neutrophils.

Conclusions:

  • Lactylation is a significant driver of tumor immune escape.
  • Targeting lactylation, via inhibitors or other strategies, presents a viable therapeutic avenue.
  • Further research and clinical translation of lactylation-targeted therapies are needed.