Nanorobot-guided modulation of microglial phenotypes: a promising strategy to mitigate neuroinflammation in traumatic brain injury

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) triggers neuroinflammation largely driven by microglial activation, where prolonged pro-inflammatory (M1) phenotypes exacerbate neuronal damage. Nanorobot-mediated delivery systems represent a promising frontier in targeting this inflammation by crossing the blood-brain barrier and precisely modulating microglial behavior. These nanorobots, engineered to identify diseased tissues and release anti-inflammatory agents, can effectively shift microglial states toward the reparative M2 phenotype. Recent advancements, such as DNA-based nanorobots and biomimetic microrobots, have demonstrated significant neuroprotective effects in preclinical models. Despite ongoing challenges around biosafety, biocompatibility, and scalability, this therapeutic paradigm holds substantial potential for transforming TBI treatment. Collaboration between developers and clinicians is vital for refining nanorobotic technologies and enabling their safe, effective clinical deployment in neuroinflammation control.