CNT-based biomolecular hybrid hydrogel for precision photothermal therapy of glioma

Glioma remains a major therapeutic challenge due to its infiltrative growth pattern and limited responsiveness to existing treatment modalities. To overcome these limitations, in this study we designed an injectable amino acid-mediated hybrid hydrogel system incorporating curcumin (Cur) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) for localized and targeted phototherapy. The hydrogel network was generated through amino acid directed self-assembly under mild conditions yielding a stable matrix that was capable of uniformly encapsulating therapeutic components. Upon exposure to NIR light, the incorporated CNTs converted optical energy into heat, generating a localized photothermal response within the hydrogel system. Concurrently, Cur provided an additional therapeutic contribution, resulting in improved antitumour activity when both components were applied together. Cell-based studies demonstrated a more pronounced inhibitory effect on glioma cells for the dual-treatment system, relative to the corresponding single-treatment groups. This response was accompanied by reduced NF-κB and Bcl-2 expression and elevated cleaved caspase-3 levels, suggesting the involvement of apoptotic pathways in the observed cellular response. Furthermore, a few preliminary in vivo studies were conducted to evaluate therapeutic benefits, revealing enhanced antitumor efficacy (approx. 80% reduction in tumor size) post-treatment with the complex gel under NIR exposure. The complex also exhibited favorable biocompatibility and sustained retention at the tumor region.