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Related Concept Videos

Knee Joint01:23

Knee Joint

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The knee joint is the most complicated joint in the body. It consists of three articulations– two tibiofemoral and one patellofemoral. As is characteristic of synovial joints, the knee joint has a thin articular capsule that partially surrounds this joint cavity. Additionally, several ligaments, muscles, and cartilaginous structures support the movement of the knee.
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Muscles that Move the Leg01:23

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The movement of the legs is facilitated by numerous muscles located within the anterior, medial, and posterior compartments of the thigh.
Anterior Compartment
The quadriceps femoris, the most visible muscle of the anterior compartment, is integral for leg extension and thigh flexion. It is formed by merging four distinct muscles — the vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, and rectus femoris. The quadriceps tendon, a shared tendon of the four quadriceps muscles, is affixed...
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Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella01:16

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The femur is the body's longest and strongest bone spanning the thigh region. Its head articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone to form the hip joint. A minor indentation on the medial side of the femoral head, called the fovea capitis, serves as the site of attachment for the ligament of the head of the femur. This weak ligament spans the femur and acetabulum and supports the hip joint. The narrowed region below the head is the neck of the femur. The inclination angle between the...
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Ankle Joint01:10

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The ankle is formed by the talocrural joint (crural = leg). It consists of the articulations between the talus bone of the foot and the distal ends of the tibia and fibula of the leg. The superior aspect of the talus bone is square-shaped and has three areas of articulation. The top of the talus articulates with the inferior tibia. This is the portion of the ankle joint that carries the body weight between the leg and foot. The sides of the talus are firmly held in position by the articulations...
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Kinematic Equations - III01:18

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The first two kinematic equations have time as a variable, but the third kinematic equation is independent of time. This equation expresses final velocity as a function of the acceleration and distance over which it acts. The fourth kinematic equation does not have an acceleration term and provides the final position of the object at time t in terms of the initial and final velocities. This equation is useful when the value of the constant acceleration is unknown.
Using the kinematic equations,...
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Kinematic Equations - II01:17

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The second kinematic equation expresses the final position of an object in terms of its initial position, the distance traveled with the initial constant velocity, and the distance traveled due to a change in velocity. Similar to the first kinematic equation, this equation is also only valid when the acceleration is constant throughout the motion of an object.
Suppose a car merges into freeway traffic on a 200 m long ramp. If its initial velocity is 10 m/s and it accelerates at 2 m/s2, then the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 12, 2026

An Inertial Measurement Unit Based Method to Estimate Hip and Knee Joint Kinematics in Team Sport Athletes on the Field
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Knee Kinematics During Curved Walking.

Masahiko Shimamura1, Kenta Horiuchi1, Shinya Ogaya2

  • 1Division of Physical Therapy, Graduate School of Health and Social Services, Saitama Prefectural University, Koshigaya, JPN.

Cureus
|November 3, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Older adults exhibit altered knee joint rotation during curved walking compared to straight walking. Sharp curves require greater internal knee rotation, highlighting the importance of assessing curved gait for mobility and rehabilitation.

Keywords:
elderlygaitkinematicknee angleknee rotation

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Gerontology
  • Rehabilitation Science

Background:

  • Curved walking is crucial for daily activities like obstacle avoidance and turning.
  • Assessing curved gait provides a more ecologically valid measure of functional mobility than straight-line walking.
  • Understanding knee joint kinematics during curved walking is vital for developing targeted rehabilitation strategies for older adults.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate differences in knee joint rotational angles between straight and curved walking in older adults.
  • To compare knee rotational patterns during gentle versus sharp curved walking.
  • To utilize the point cluster technique for precise kinematic analysis.

Main Methods:

  • Forty community-dwelling older adults participated.
  • Participants performed straight, gentle curve (2m radius), and sharp curve (1m radius) walking trials.
  • Knee joint angles (flexion-extension, abduction-adduction, internal-external rotation) were calculated from marker trajectories using the point cluster technique.

Main Results:

  • Significant differences in maximum knee flexion angles were observed across all walking conditions (p < 0.01).
  • Maximum external rotation angles also differed significantly between straight and gentle curve walking (p < 0.05).
  • Sharp curve walking demonstrated a greater internal knee rotation angle in the early stance phase compared to gentle curve walking.

Conclusions:

  • Older adults employ an internal knee rotation strategy when walking along curved paths.
  • A smaller curvature radius (sharp curves) necessitates a larger internal knee rotation angle.
  • Curved walking requires a greater range of knee joint rotation compared to straight walking, impacting functional mobility assessments.