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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Colloid and Surface Science
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Lyotropic liquid crystalline (LLC) mesophases are complex self-assembled structures with potential applications in drug delivery and nanotechnology.
  • Stabilizing these delicate mesophases, particularly within emulsion systems like mesosomes, presents significant challenges.
  • Lactoferrin (LF), a naturally occurring protein, has emerged as a potential biocompatible stabilizer for colloidal systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To engineer stable sub-micrometer emulsions (mesosomes) encapsulating diverse LLC mesophases using lactoferrin (LF) as a Pickering stabilizer.
  • To investigate the role of LF pretreatment (ultrasonication) and processing conditions (pH) on mesosome formation, surface charge, and stability.
  • To characterize the internal LLC structures within the mesosomes and compare LF's performance with conventional stabilizers.

Main Methods:

  • Preparation of mesosomes using lactoferrin (LF) as a Pickering stabilizer for glycerol monooleate (GMO)/oleic acid (OA) mixtures.
  • Ultrasonication pretreatment of LF to prevent agglomeration and high-pressure ultrasonication during emulsification.
  • Characterization using dynamic light scattering (DLS) for size and stability, ζ potential for surface charge, confocal microscopy for LF adsorption, and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) for internal mesophase structure.

Main Results:

  • LF successfully stabilized four distinct LLC mesophases (bicontinuous cubic, inverse hexagonal, inverse micellar cubic, microemulsions) within mesosomes.
  • Mesosomes exhibited hydrodynamic diameters (dH) of 187–239 nm with a significant positive surface charge (ζ potential ∼+30 mV) due to LF adsorption.
  • The engineered mesosomes demonstrated excellent long-term stability (>1 month) and maintained the structural integrity of the encapsulated LLC mesophases, unlike Pluronic F127 stabilization.
  • Pure GMO stabilized by LF formed cubosomes with the native Pn3m morphology, whereas Pluronic F127 induced a phase transition.

Conclusions:

  • Lactoferrin is an effective Pickering stabilizer for creating stable, positively charged mesosomes encapsulating various lyotropic liquid crystalline mesophases.
  • The LF stabilization method preserves the internal hierarchical structure of the LLC mesophases, offering advantages over conventional stabilizers like Pluronic F127.
  • These LF-stabilized mesosomes hold promise for advanced applications in fields requiring stable colloidal delivery systems with controlled internal nanostructures.