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Related Concept Videos

Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment01:27

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In open-angle glaucoma, the iridocorneal angle remains open, but the trabecular meshwork becomes stiff, slowing down the outflow of aqueous humor. This causes a buildup of aqueous humor in the anterior chamber, leading to a sudden increase in intraocular pressure. The treatment for open-angle glaucoma focuses on reducing the elevated intraocular pressure by either decreasing the secretion of aqueous humor or increasing its outflow.
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Angle-closure glaucoma, or closed-angle glaucoma, is an eye condition where the iris bulges out and blocks the iridocorneal angle, resulting in a buildup of aqueous humor and increased intraocular pressure. Immediate medical attention is necessary due to the sudden onset of symptoms. The treatment for angle-closure glaucoma includes short-term and long-term approaches. Short-term treatment involves using eye drops like pilocarpine to lower intraocular pressure by increasing aqueous humor...
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Glaucoma is an eye condition characterized by increased intraocular pressure that damages the retina and optic nerve, leading to irreversible blindness if left untreated. The human eye has various components, including the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, and optic nerve. Aqueous humor is secreted by the epithelium of the ciliary body in the posterior chamber and flows through the trabecular meshwork and canal of Schlemm, maintaining normal intraocular pressure. The trabecular meshwork and the canal...
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Quantitative Assessment of Functional Aqueous Humor Outflow by Aqueous Angiography.

Nitika Beri1, Anuja Patil2, Neha Midha3

  • 1Department of Ophthalmology, University College of Medical Sciences and GTB Hospital, Delhi, India.

Journal of Glaucoma
|November 3, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Aqueous humor outflow (AHO) pathways show a segmental pattern in healthy eyes. The nasal quadrant exhibits the most AHO, while the temporal quadrant has the least, indicating regional differences in fluid drainage.

Keywords:
aqueous angiographyaqueous humor outflowhigh-flow regionlow-flow regionnonglaucomatoussegmental

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Anatomy
  • Physiology

Background:

  • Aqueous humor outflow (AHO) is crucial for maintaining intraocular pressure.
  • Understanding the distribution of AHO pathways is essential for diagnosing and treating glaucoma.
  • Previous studies have suggested variations in AHO, but detailed circumferential mapping is limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate circumferential aqueous humor outflow (AHO) pathways in nonglaucomatous subjects.
  • To determine the distribution pattern of AHO pathways using aqueous angiography (AA).
  • To identify specific quadrants and sectors with maximal and minimal AHO.

Main Methods:

  • A cross-sectional, observational study involving 30 subjects undergoing cataract surgery.
  • Aqueous angiography (AA) using indocyanine green (ICG) dye was performed before phacoemulsification.
  • Signal intensity was analyzed at 60 seconds post-injection across 4 quadrants and 8 sectors circumferentially.

Main Results:

  • Segmental AHO pathways were observed in all subjects.
  • The nasal quadrant showed the highest median signal intensity (45.95), followed by inferior (31.56), superior (30.16), and temporal (26.66) quadrants (P<0.0001).
  • The nasosuperior sector had the highest signal intensity (23.05), and the temporoinferior sector had the least (12.98) (P<0.0001).

Conclusions:

  • Aqueous angiography reveals nonuniform, segmental AHO pathways in nonglaucomatous eyes.
  • The nasal quadrant is the primary pathway for AHO, with the temporal quadrant being the least significant.
  • These findings highlight regional variations in ocular fluid dynamics and may have implications for glaucoma research.