Thyroid eye disease: What's the latest?

Area of Science:

• Ophthalmology
• Endocrinology
• Immunology

Background:

• Thyroid eye disease (TED) is an inflammatory autoimmune disorder.
• TED is associated with Graves' hyperthyroidism, but also with euthyroid and hypothyroid states.
• A high index of suspicion is necessary for timely diagnosis, especially for sight-threatening cases.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the pathophysiology of TED.
• To outline risk factors, clinical presentation, and methods for evaluating disease activity and severity.
• To summarize recent therapeutic advancements in TED management.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of pathophysiology, risk factors, clinical presentation, and treatment of TED.
• Synthesis of current understanding of TED evaluation and management.
• Focus on recent advances in TED treatment.

Main Results:

• TED encompasses a spectrum of thyroid function, not solely hyperthyroidism.
• Multidisciplinary care involving primary care, endocrinology, and ophthalmology is optimal.
• Recent advances offer new treatment avenues for TED.

Conclusions:

• TED requires a high index of suspicion for diagnosis and management.
• Comprehensive evaluation of activity and severity guides treatment.
• Integrated care models and novel therapies are improving TED outcomes.