Green synthesis of TiO₂ nanoparticles using Kinnow peel extracts and their antioxidant properties

The green synthesis of nanomaterials has drawn researchers from all over the world over the past few decades in a huge surge of interest. The aim of this research was to use Kinnow peel extract to synthesize titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanoparticles (NPs) in an environmentally friendly and efficient manner. This method seeks to improve antioxidant qualities while using fewer hazardous chemicals in the production of NPs. Using ultraviolet visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, the formation of crystalline TiO₂ NPs was first verified by a distinctive absorbance peak at 235 nm. Further characterization was performed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The antioxidant potentials of the green-synthesized TiO₂ NPs were evaluated using DPPH and FRAP assays. The results demonstrated potent free radical scavenging activity, comparable to ascorbic acid, a well-known standard antioxidant. These findings suggest that TiO₂ NPs possess effective antioxidant properties and highlighting Kinnow peel extract as an eco-friendly sustainable and alternative to conventional synthesis routes. Moreover, the study indicate that the green-synthesized TiO₂ NPs could serve a promising candidate to replace the conventional antioxidant drugs, such as ascorbic acid.