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Effects of feedback

Effects of feedback

Feedback in control systems plays a critical role in shaping various operational parameters, extending beyond simple error reduction to influence stability, bandwidth, gain, impedance, and sensitivity. Understanding these effects requires examining a basic feedback system characterized by defined input, output, error, and feedback signals.
Feedback significantly modifies the gain of a control system. The gain of a system without feedback is altered by a factor of one plus GH, where G represents...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 12, 2026

Using a Split-belt Treadmill to Evaluate Generalization of Human Locomotor Adaptation

Using a Split-belt Treadmill to Evaluate Generalization of Human Locomotor Adaptation

Published on: August 23, 2017

Auditory feedback effect on temporal patterns during self-pacing treadmill walking.

Trevor V Evans¹, Megan E Reissman², Timothy Reissman²

¹Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America.

|November 4, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Treadmill motor sounds can alter gait patterns. Researchers found significant differences in walking speed and timing when treadmill noise was masked, suggesting auditory feedback influences gait.

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Area of Science:

Biomechanics
Locomotion Analysis
Auditory Sensory Feedback

Background:

Self-pacing treadmills offer controlled environments for gait assessment.
Variable motor sounds from treadmills may provide unintended auditory feedback, potentially influencing gait patterns.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the impact of self-pacing treadmill motor sounds on temporal gait measures.
To test the hypothesis that gait temporal measures differ with and without auditory feedback from treadmill sounds.

Main Methods:

Thirty-one participants walked on a self-pacing treadmill under two conditions: normal sound and masked sound (noise-cancelling headphones with brown noise).
Temporal gait parameters (swing time, step time, gait speed) were analyzed using a custom accelerometer-based algorithm and mixed-effects models.

Main Results:

Significant differences were observed in average swing time, step time, and gait speed between the sound-present and sound-removed conditions.
These findings indicate that participants' gait was affected by the presence or absence of treadmill motor sounds.

Conclusions:

Auditory feedback from self-pacing treadmill motor sounds can influence gait temporal measures and gait speed.
Researchers should consider treadmill motor sounds as a confounding factor in gait studies using self-pacing treadmills.