Lysyl Oxidase Promotes Actin-Dependent Neutrophil Activation and Cytotoxicity Toward Retinal Endothelial Cells in...

Activated neutrophils contribute to retinal endothelial cell (EC) death and capillary degeneration associated with early diabetic retinopathy (DR), a major vision-threatening complication of diabetes. However, the factors and mechanisms driving neutrophil activation and cytotoxicity in diabetes remain insufficiently understood. Here, we show that lysyl oxidase (LOX), a matrix cross-linking and stiffening enzyme that increases retinal EC susceptibility to activated neutrophils, simultaneously activates neutrophils in its soluble form. Specifically, treatment of diabetic mice with LOX inhibitor β-aminopropionitrile (BAPN) prevented the diabetes-induced increase in neutrophil activation (extracellular release of neutrophil elastase and superoxide) and cytotoxicity toward cocultured mouse retinal ECs. Mouse neutrophils and differentiated (neutrophil-like) human HL-60 cells treated with recombinant LOX alone exhibited significant activation and cytotoxicity. Mechanistically, this LOX-induced neutrophil activation was associated with biphasic F-actin remodeling, with the initial and rapid (∼10 min) F-actin depolymerization followed by a significant increase in F-actin polymerization and polarization. Preventing the initial F-actin depolymerization blocked LOX-induced neutrophil activation and cytotoxicity toward cocultured retinal ECs. Finally, this biphasic F-actin remodeling was found to be essential for LOX-induced membrane aggregation of azurophilic granule marker CD63 and NADPH organizer p47phox, which are associated with extracellular release of neutrophil elastase and superoxide, respectively. By revealing a previously unrecognized causal link between LOX and actin-dependent neutrophil activation in diabetes, these findings provide fresh mechanistic insights into the proinflammatory role of LOX in early DR that goes beyond its canonical matrix-stiffening effects.

Activated neutrophils kill retinal endothelial cells (ECs) in early diabetic retinopathy, but how neutrophils become activated in diabetes is not well understood. We found that lysyl oxidase (LOX), whose matrix-localized form activates retinal ECs, can also directly activate neutrophils in its soluble form. LOX-induced release of neutrophil elastase and superoxide is mediated by actin remodeling and membrane aggregation of azurophilic granules. The dual ability of LOX to activate neutrophils (in its soluble form) and retinal ECs (in its matrix-localized form) implicates it as a key proinflammatory target for early diabetic retinopathy.