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Advances Focusing on the Application of Various Ions in Tendon-Bone Healing
Panpan Yu1, Jiamin Guo1, Guiying Nie1
1Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China.
Abstract:
The tendon-bone interface (TBI) possesses a highly intricate structure, making complete restoration of its native structure postinjury particularly challenging, which often leads to suboptimal healing outcomes. Metal ions, such as calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), zinc (Zn2+), copper (Cu2+), cobalt (Co2+), strontium (Sr2+), iron (Fe2+/Fe3+), and lithium (Li+), have attached significant attention in tissue regeneration research owing to the excellent roles in promoting angiogenesis, osteogenesis, and chondrogenesis. This review systematically elucidates a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of these bioactive ions' mechanisms and their applications in TBI repair. Additionally, the review highlights the importance of incorporating metal ions into biomaterial scaffolds to enhance simultaneous multitissue regeneration while addressing current therapeutic limitations in TBI management. Finally, the review outlines future research directions for optimizing ion-based biomaterial strategies to advance TBI treatment paradigms.
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