Emerging Roles of Biopolymers in Seed Science and Technology

Biopolymers are naturally occurring macromolecules derived from renewable biological sources such as plants, animals, and microorganisms. Their intrinsic biodegradability, biocompatibility, and reduced reliance on fossil resources render them environmentally sustainable alternatives to conventional synthetic polymers. Owing to their diverse physicochemical properties, biopolymers have found extensive applications in sectors like pharmaceuticals, food packaging, and biomedicine. In recent years, their relevance in agriculture, particularly in seed science and technology, has gained momentum. Biopolymer-based interventions such as seed coatings, priming agents, and encapsulation systems are being increasingly employed to enhance seed germination, vigor, and resilience under a variety of abiotic and biotic stress conditions. These treatments offer multiple benefits, including protection from pathogens, moisture retention, and the controlled release of nutrients and bioactive compounds to optimize early seedling development. The emergence of novel techniques such as nano-priming and the valorization of agricultural waste for biopolymer extraction further reinforces their role in sustainable agriculture. Additionally, the integration of traceability tools such as molecular markers and embedded digital identifiers into biopolymer seed coatings supports robust quality assurance, supply chain transparency, and regulatory compliance. To advance these aims, future research should focus on seed-responsive, climate-resilient biopolymers with scalable, eco-friendly formulations, field validation, and built-in traceability. This review critically examines current advancements in biopolymer-assisted seed enhancement technologies, identifies prevailing challenges, and explores their expanding potential in promoting climate-resilient and sustainable crop production systems.