Nanoparticles Based Therapeutic Approaches in Oncogenic Viral Infections: A Review

Nanotechnology has revolutionized biomedical research by providing novel strategies for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of oncogenic viral infections. Nanoparticles, possessing tunable physicochemical properties, enable targeted drug delivery, enhance vaccine efficacy, and facilitate advanced viral diagnostics, addressing key limitations of conventional therapies. Oncogenic viruses contribute substantially to the global burden of cancer through persistent infections and are influenced by environmental and lifestyle factors. The objective of this review is to synthesize and critically evaluate current advances in nanoparticle-based solutions, focusing on their mechanisms of action, therapeutic efficacy, and translation for the management of cancer-associated viral infections. Key findings include the emergence of multifunctional nanoparticles such as magnetic mesoporous silica, gold, silver, and diverse organic formulations (liposomes, polymeric, dendrimer) that function as direct antivirals and as delivery platforms. Magnetic silica nanoparticles allow magnetically guided, site-specific therapy, while organic nanoparticles improve drug stability, mucosal delivery, and biocompatibility. Metallic nanoparticles, particularly gold and silver, exhibit broad-spectrum antiviral activity through mechanisms involving viral disruption, entry inhibition, and enhanced bioavailability. Current evidence supports their efficacy in preclinical and translational models, although optimization for clinical use remains ongoing. In conclusion, advanced nanomedicine approaches offer substantial potential for tackling the challenges of oncogenic viruses and virus-associated malignancies, with ongoing innovations poised to expand their impact in cancer therapy and antiviral prevention.